Of the following hypotheses presented, which one is non-directional?
A) Older individuals have a lower perception of safety at night.
B) Women have a lower perception of safety at night.
C) Men have a higher perception of safety at night.
D) Younger and older individuals will differ on their perception of safety at night.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Hypothesis D is non-directional because it does not specify which group is expected to have a higher or lower perception of safety at night. It simply predicts that there will be a difference between the perceptions of younger and older individuals. The other three hypotheses are directional because they make a specific prediction about which group will have a higher or lower perception of safety at night.

Of the Following Hypotheses Presented, Which One Is Non-Directional