Question 1

According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis,which of the following factors increases the likelihood of a violent reaction?

Accepted Answer

The frustration-aggression hypothesis asserts that frustration creates the underlying motivation for aggressive behavior. The presence of aggressive stimuli such as aggressive music can increase the likelihood of a violent reaction. A and B are unlikely to increase aggression, and D may result in inhibition of aggression due to social norms.

Question 2

Merton believed that a state of ______ would result when individuals lived under conditions where legitimate means were not available to achieve societal goals.

Accepted Answer

Merton's theory of strain suggests that when individuals are unable to achieve their desired goals through legitimate means, it leads to a state of anomie or normlessness. This results in individuals turning to deviant means to achieve their goals, as they feel disconnected from societal norms and values.

Question 3

Signaling theory,which suggests that criminals communicate through a wide variety of signals and signs that convey to others their credentials,their toughness,and their willingness to engage in violent and criminal activities,was suggested by whom?

Accepted Answer

Signaling theory was suggested by Diego Gambetta in his book "The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection." The other options are criminologists who have contributed to the field of criminology with their own theories and research, but they did not develop signaling theory.

Question 4

Those who have ______ are often characterized as being very narcissistic,reckless,and emotionally shallow.

Accepted Answer

Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by disregard for others' rights and feelings, impulsivity, and a lack of empathy. These traits can lead to a pattern of reckless, manipulative, and self-centered behavior, which can appear narcissistic and emotionally shallow. PTSD and eating disorders do not necessarily have these same traits.

Question 5

An argument made by a number of criminologists but popularized by John DiIulio suggests that our society was home to a new breed of violent offender known as ______?

Accepted Answer

The argument made by criminologists that was popularized by John DiIulio revolves around the concept of a new breed of violent offender known as "superpredators." This concept suggested that there would be an increase in violent crime perpetrated by young, ruthless, and remorseless individuals who were beyond the reach of traditional social controls. While this concept has since been critiqued and debunked, it had a significant impact on criminal justice policy at the time.

Question 6

______ seek to understand violent behavior in terms of personality,character,and mental disorder.

Accepted Answer

Psychological perspectives seek to understand violent behavior in terms of personality, character, and mental disorder. They focus on individual factors that may contribute to violent behavior, such as impulsivity, aggression, and traumatic experiences. Sociological perspectives focus on the social and cultural factors that may contribute to violence, while physical and brain dysfunction perspectives focus on the neurological and physiological factors that may contribute to violent behavior.

Question 7

Robert Merton's theory is often referred to as the theory of differential ______.

Accepted Answer

Robert Merton's theory is often referred to as the theory of differential opportunity, which is the idea that some individuals have greater access to legitimate means of achieving success than others.

Question 8

Lombroso was arguing that violent criminals were evolutionary throwbacks or ______,and the problem of crime rested upon the shoulders of individuals who were born to be violent and criminal.

Accepted Answer

Lombroso believed that criminals were atavisms, meaning they were biologically primitive and resembled earlier stages of human evolution. This idea was central to his theory of criminal anthropology. Choices A, B, and D are not accurate descriptions of Lombroso's beliefs.

Question 9

Given that most violence is perpetrated by males,some have suggested that male aggression is linked with levels of ______.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that testosterone levels can be linked with aggressive behavior in males.

Question 10

Phrenology is the study of _____.

Accepted Answer

Phrenology is the study of skull shapes and how they relate to a person's character and mental abilities, popularized in the 19th century but later discredited as pseudoscience.

Question 11

Who suggested some poor young African American men develop what he labels a "code of the street,"which involves a strong sense of personal honor combined with a corresponding emphasis on guarding against personal affronts and insults?

Accepted Answer

Elijah Anderson suggested that some poor young African American men develop a "code of the street," which emphasizes personal honor and a focus on guarding against personal insults and affronts.

Question 12

General theory of crime based on the notion that individual criminality is the result of?

Accepted Answer

The general theory of crime, also known as self-control theory, posits that individual criminality is the result of low self-control. According to this theory, individuals who lack self-control are more likely to engage in criminal behavior, as they are unable to resist the immediate gratification that criminal activities may provide. This theory does not attribute criminality to social learning, family genetics, or body composition.

Question 13

Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld developed what they call an _____ of crime that links crime to the existing social structure.Specifically,they suggest that the high rates of crime and violence found in U.S.society can,in part,be explained with reference to the notion of the "American Dream," which suggests that economic success can be achieved by anyone who works hard,plays by the rules,and is willing to engage in
Competition with others for jobs,income,and status.

Accepted Answer

The institutional-anomie theory, developed by Messner and Rosenfeld, links crime to the existing social structure by explaining the high rates of crime and violence in U.S. society with reference to the "American Dream." The theory suggests that the emphasis on economic success and individual achievement in American society, without proper regulation and support from institutions such as family, education, and government, has led to an imbalance and lack of social integration, which in turn leads to higher crime rates. The other choices, such as code of the streets, general strain theory, and strain theory, do not specifically address the "American Dream" or explain crime rates in relation to the social structure in the U.S.

Question 14

Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld developed what they call the ______ theory of crime that links crime to the existing social structure.

Accepted Answer

Messner and Rosenfeld developed the institutional-anomie theory of crime, which suggests that crime is linked to the social structure of a society. It argues that when the social and economic institutions of a society become deregulated, crime rates increase because individuals are no longer constrained by social norms and values.

Question 15

Deindividuation,a phenomenon that facilitates violence in a group setting,is actually based on the classic work of ______.

Accepted Answer

The classic work on deindividuation and group behavior that facilitates violence is based on the ideas put forth by Gustave Le Bon in his book "The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind." Le Bon argued that people in a group setting lose their individuality and become more susceptible to suggestion and manipulation, which can lead to irrational and violent behavior.

Question 16

Some biologists/criminologists suggest that violence can be linked with ______.

Accepted Answer

Brain injuries from combat or a violent experience have been linked to increased aggression and violent behavior, as they can affect areas of the brain responsible for impulse control and emotional regulation.

Question 17

Which of the following tends to have the highest levels of testosterone?

Accepted Answer

Winning athletes tend to have higher levels of testosterone due to the competitive and challenging nature of sports, which can boost testosterone production. High levels of testosterone can enhance physical strength and endurance, leading to improved athletic performance. On the other hand, violent behavior is not necessarily linked to testosterone levels, and losing athletes may not necessarily have lower testosterone levels than winning athletes.

Question 18

Genetically,humans are most closely related to ______.

Accepted Answer

Humans are most closely related to chimpanzees based on genetic similarities and evolutionary history. Studies show that humans share about 99% of their DNA with chimpanzees. While humans may share some genetic similarities with other animals, including buffalo and pigs, they are not as closely related as they are to chimpanzees. Monkeys are also closely related to humans, but not as much as chimpanzees.

Question 19

As the name implies,the ______ hypothesis contends that violence is one possible response for individuals who feel frustrated and thwarted in achieving something.

Accepted Answer

The frustration-aggression hypothesis posits that frustration, i.e. when an individual is blocked from achieving a desired goal, often accompanies aggression or violent behaviour as a response. This theory suggests that the intensity of frustration and the individual's ability to cope with it may determine the likelihood and form of aggression that may result.

Question 20

It is not absolute poverty that is associated with criminality and violence,but rather inequality.This is sometimes referred to as ______?

Accepted Answer

The answer of It is not absolute poverty that is...

Quiz 2: Explaining Violence