Many Political Scientists Believe That Third Parties

Many political scientists believe that third parties

A) have consistently failed because they never reflect the political mood of the nation.
B) have acted as safety valves for dissident groups, preventing major confrontations and political unrest.
C) can only come into existence if they are organized around a single charismatic leader.
D) can only come into existence if they split off from one of the major political parties.
E) are incapable of being formed from scratch by individuals who are committed to a particular issue or ideology.