Which type of bias or error most thoroughly explains the phenomenon of Clever Hans?
A) The placebo effect
B) The observer-expectancy effect
C) The double-blind effect
D) The subject expectancy effect

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

The observer-expectancy effect is the most relevant bias to explain Clever Hans phenomenon, in which the horse appeared to have learned arithmetic and other tasks, when in reality it was simply picking up subtle cues from its trainer and observers. The observers were unconsciously providing unintentional signals to the horse that indicated when to stop counting or performing a task, based on their own expectations and beliefs about the horse's abilities. The trainer himself was likely unaware of the cues he was giving off, making it difficult to detect the source of the error.

Which Type of Bias or Error Most Thoroughly Explains the Phenomenon