Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because cattle

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Cattle have special stomach chambers called rumens where symbiotic microorganisms break down cellulose into usable nutrients. This allows cattle to extract energy and nutrients from plant materials that other animals, such as humans, cannot digest. Saliva does not have enzymes capable of digesting cellulose, cattle do not re-ingest their feces, and they are not autotrophic. While cattle can synthesize some amino acids, they still require others in their diet.

Cattle Are Able to Survive on a Diet Consisting Almost