Which of the following is considered to be a pioneer species colonizing Glacier Bay during primary succession?

Question

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Liverworts are known to be one of the first pioneer species to colonize an area during primary succession. They can grow on soil that has not yet formed and help break down rock into smaller pieces, creating a foundation for other plants to grow. Hemlock trees, spruce trees, and alder trees come later in the succession, while sphagnum moss is typically found in wet habitats and may be present in later stages of succession.

Which of the Following Is Considered to Be a Pioneer