A causal relationship between an action and an outcome has been confirmed whenever there is evidence of a strong association between the two and evidence that the action preceded the outcome.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

A strong association and temporal precedence are necessary but not sufficient conditions to confirm a causal relationship. Other factors such as ruling out alternative explanations and establishing a mechanism of causation are also required.

A Causal Relationship Between an Action and an Outcome Has