What Is the General Ethical Principle Regarding Deception in Social

What is the general ethical principle regarding deception in social research?

A) It is fully acceptable and does not involve ethical issues.
B) It is forbidden under all circumstances of ethical research.
C) It can be ethically used if essential to the research so long as subjects are not physically harmed.
D) It can be ethically used if essential to the research, but only to the minimal degree necessary and it must be followed by debriefing.
E) Deception can only be ethically used when subjects are "captive" populations (e.g., prisoners, students, mental hospital patients, military personnel) .