Virtually all of the protein or amino acid- based hormones exert their effects through intracellular .

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Protein or amino acid-based hormones cannot enter cells directly due to their hydrophilic nature. Therefore, they bind to receptors on the cell surface, which then activates intracellular signaling pathways involving second messengers (such as cAMP, Ca2+, and IP3). These second messengers mediate the physiological response to the hormone by activating or inhibiting various enzymes, ion channels, or transcription factors inside the cell. Therefore, choice A (second messengers) is the best answer. Ions (choice B) may be involved in the signaling pathway as a result of second messenger action, but they are not the main mediators. Deactivators (choice C) and nucleotides (choice D) are not relevant to the intracellular signaling of protein or amino acid-based hormones.

Virtually All of the Protein or Amino Acid- Based Hormones