The Hawthorne effect is most likely to occur when the research design is matched-subjects.

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The Hawthorne effect is most likely to occur in research designs where participants are aware that they are being observed or studied, regardless of the design type. However, studies using a repeated measures design (where the same group of participants is tested multiple times) or an experimental design (where participants are randomly assigned to groups) may be less susceptible to the Hawthorne effect compared to a matched-subjects design (where participants are matched based on certain characteristics).

The Hawthorne Effect Is Most Likely to Occur When the Research