Of the following research designs, the one(s) requiring active manipulation of the independent variable is (are) the

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All three of the research designs listed require active manipulation of the independent variable. In a between-subjects design, different groups of participants are exposed to different levels of the independent variable. In a repeated-measures design, participants are exposed to different levels of the independent variable multiple times. In a matched-subjects design, participants are matched on important characteristics and then exposed to different levels of the independent variable. In each of these designs, the independent variable is actively manipulated.

Of the Following Research Designs, the One(s) Requiring Active Manipulation