There Is Little Evidence That the Fear of Apprehension and Punishment

There is little evidence that the fear of apprehension and punishment reduce crime rates.Which of the following is not a reason given to explain this discrepancy?

A) Many criminals suffer personality disorders that impair their judgment and render them incapable of making truly rational decisions.
B) The vast majority of criminals are compulsive and lack the capacity to fear punishment or appreciate consequences of crime.
C) Many offenders are part of the underclass and as such,they perceive few other options for success.
D) Profits from crime are worth the risk of punishment.