The "missing cases" phenomenon is a validity concern for which type of crime measurement?

Question

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The "missing cases" phenomenon refers to individuals who have committed crimes but were not included in the study due to factors such as not being caught or not self-reporting the crime. This is a validity concern specifically for self-report studies, as the accuracy and completeness of the data relies on the honesty and willingness of individuals to report their criminal behavior.

The "Missing Cases" Phenomenon Is a Validity Concern for Which