Protests and other social movement actions can turn violent, even when they are intentionally planned to be nonviolent. In Charles Tilly's analysis, which factor most strongly influences whether violence erupts in an expression of collective action?

Question

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According to Charles Tilly, the response of the authorities is the most significant factor in determining whether nonviolent protests turn violent. If authorities respond with coercion, such as police brutality or excessive force, it can escalate the situation and lead to violence. Conversely, if authorities show restraint and allow peaceful protest to occur, it is less likely to turn violent. Therefore, the response of the authorities plays a crucial role in the outcome of collective action.

Protests and Other Social Movement Actions Can Turn Violent, Even