According to W. E. B. Du Bois, African Americans' sense of self and identity are greatly influenced by the experiences of slavery and, after emancipation, segregation. Du Bois labeled this idea:

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W. E. B. Du Bois labeled this idea as "double consciousness." He defined it as the internal conflict experienced by African Americans as they navigate between their identity as individuals and their identity as part of a marginalized group in a society shaped by racism and segregation. The concept of double consciousness is a key theme in Du Bois' work, and he argues that it has played a significant role in shaping African American culture and identity.