The existence of any "gains from trade" relies on

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The concept of "gains from trade" is based on comparative advantage, which explains why countries benefit from trading even if one country is stronger in producing all goods. This is because each country can specialize in producing the good in which it has a comparative advantage and trade for other goods it needs, leading to overall economic efficiency and higher levels of consumption for both countries. Tariffs, closed economies, and absolute advantage can all hinder trade and negate the potential gains from trade.

The Existence of Any "Gains from Trade" Relies on