In 2003,two U.S.Supreme Court decisions-Grutter v.Bollinger and Gratz v.Bollinger-made it legal to use______________as a factor for universities to grant preferential treatment in admissions.

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The two Supreme Court decisions, Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger, established that race can be used as a factor in university admissions for the purpose of diversity. However, the Court also set limits on the use of race, stating that it cannot be the sole or deciding factor in admissions decisions.