Sean Is Demoralized and Unmotivated

Sean is demoralized and unmotivated. He tells his coworker, "I'm at a dead end in this job. Believe me, I would dearly love to get a raise or a promotion. But, no matter how well I do, I'll never get that kind of recognition." In the context of the expectancy theory, Sean illustrates

A) low valence.
B) low instrumentality.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) low equity.
E) negative affiliation.