Darwin realized that most species produce many more offspring than is necessary to maintain a constant population. The "excess" individuals in a population:

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The excess individuals in a population die before they can reproduce, which is known as the principle of natural selection. This is because resources are limited, and not all individuals in a population can survive and reproduce. Therefore, only those individuals with favorable traits that increase their chances of survival and reproduction will pass on their genes to the next generation.

Darwin Realized That Most Species Produce Many More Offspring Than