Some Managers Argue That Bribes Are Required Because of Extortion

Some managers argue that bribes are required because of extortion by government officials or bribes offered by competitors. In such cases, the injustice standard is applicable and requires that the manager ask whether, ________.

A) if the payment were publicly disclosed, the publics in the host and home country would agree that it should have been paid
B) if the payment increased aggregate utility
C) if a fraction of the payment were used in charitable purposes
D) if the payment were made in response to a competitor's payment and if it positively impacted the annual revenue