Invasion by barbarians resulted in centuries of political fragmentation, during which much of China's most impressive philosophy was developed.

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The invasion by barbarians, such as the Mongols and the Manchus, resulted in centuries of political fragmentation in China. This period is known as the "Sixteen Kingdoms and Five Dynasties" and the "Ten Kingdoms" periods. Despite the political turmoil, many significant philosophical works were developed during this time, including Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.

Invasion by Barbarians Resulted in Centuries of Political Fragmentation, During