In Participant Observation Studies It Can Be Difficult to Make

In participant observation studies it can be difficult to make sure that participants are there voluntarily.Few researchers or IRBs are willing to condone covert participation because

A) Interpreting the standard of involuntary participation is difficult
B) Although it may seem easy to tell if someone is participating voluntarily it may be difficult to get their consent officially
C) Voluntary consent by minors could be given by their guardian so that is not an issue
D) Because it does not offer a way to ensure that the participation is actually voluntary