The tradition of French administration that balanced local bureaucratic structures with some centralized royal oversight began with:

Question

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Philip II introduced significant administrative reforms in the 13th century that centralized the power of the monarchy while also delegating some powers to local officials. This became known as the bailliages system and served as the foundation for the tradition of French administration. Charlemagne, Louis VIII, Louis IX, and Philip IV all ruled before Philip II and were not primarily responsible for establishing this administrative tradition.

The Tradition of French Administration That Balanced Local Bureaucratic Structures