By the Mid-Thirteenth Century,the Pope Called Some Crusades in Order

By the mid-thirteenth century,the pope called some crusades in order to:

A) try to retake Jerusalem from Muslim rule.
B) fight against non-Christian peoples in the north of Russia.
C) defend Venice from attacks from the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt.
D) support the political needs of the papacy.
E) defend Europe's borders in the East from invasion by the Mongols.