A method for identifying causality by looking at the way in which the average change over time in the outcome variable is compared to the average change in a control group is called difference-in-differences.

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Difference-in-differences (DiD) is a statistical technique used in econometrics and social sciences to estimate the effect of a treatment or intervention by comparing the average change over time in the outcome variable between a treatment group and a control group. This method helps in identifying causal relationships by controlling for confounding factors that are constant over time.

A Method for Identifying Causality by Looking at the Way