According to current APA ethical guidelines for research involving animal participants,pain and discomfort can ethically occur only in the absence of an alternative procedure and if there is a justification for the research in terms of its value on ____ grounds.

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According to current APA ethical guidelines, research involving animal participants that may cause pain and discomfort is considered ethical only if there is no alternative procedure available and if the research can be justified on scientific, educational, or applied grounds. This means that the potential benefits of the research in any of these areas must outweigh the ethical concerns regarding the welfare of the animals involved.

According to Current APA Ethical Guidelines for Research Involving Animal