Attempts by the U.S.government to ensure that blacks enjoyed equal citizenship in fact as well as in theory after the Civil War _______.

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Despite the efforts of Reconstruction to ensure equal citizenship, the period was marked by significant resistance to racial equality and civil rights for African Americans. Reconstruction essentially ended in 1877 with the Compromise of 1877, which resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, effectively ending federal efforts to protect black rights and enforce civil rights legislation. It was not until the civil rights era, nearly a century later, that federal action was again taken to address longstanding racial inequalities in American society.