The President's Public Approval Rating Tends to Be Affected by All

The president's public approval rating tends to be affected by all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) the popularity of the first spouse
B) the predictable rise and fall of a president's popularity over a term in office
C) the state of the economy
D) divisive events, such as a conflict with Congress
E) unifying events, such as the beginning of a war