Basing voting decisions on reactions to past performance is called retrospective voting.

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Retrospective voting is a well-known concept in political science, which refers to the tendency of voters to evaluate incumbents based on their performance in their previous term of office. In other words, voters look back at what candidates have accomplished or failed to accomplish in the past before deciding whether to reelect them or vote for someone else.

Basing Voting Decisions on Reactions to Past Performance Is Called