Question 1

The EPAs Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) was rejected by the federal courts because

Accepted Answer

The federal courts rejected CAIR due to concerns that the rule would allow upwind states to concentrate pollution permits, potentially leading to higher pollution levels in downwind states.

Question 2

Primary standards that are established in the 1970s CAA are concerned with

Accepted Answer

The primary standards established in the 1970s Clean Air Act (CAA) are focused on protecting public health by setting limits on the concentration of pollutants in the air.

Question 3

In the United States SO₂ program, emissions permits are tradable and managers of a particular plant can

Accepted Answer

The SO2 program allows for flexibility in emissions management, including holding, selling, or purchasing permits to meet or exceed allowable levels.

Question 4

Even though the purchase of a new, more efficient car could save a consumer money in the medium to long run, consumers have shown reluctance to make the investment and this is called the

Accepted Answer

The energy efficiency gap refers to the phenomenon where consumers are unwilling to invest in energy-efficient products despite the potential cost savings in the long run. This is a well-established concept in the field of behavioral economics. The other options (rebound effect, discount rate) are related but not the best fit for this scenario.

Question 5

New source bias is justified on the basis of

Accepted Answer

New source bias is justified based on multiple factors such as efficiency, cost, and the fact that retrofitting older sources with new technologies is often more expensive than implementing those technologies in new sources. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

Question 6

Thresholds are levels of pollutants

Accepted Answer

Thresholds are levels of pollutants below which damages are minimal or non-existent. This means that the pollution may still exist, but at such a low level that it does not cause significant harm to people or the environment. The purpose of setting thresholds is to help regulators and policymakers determine at what point pollution sources should be required to mitigate their emissions or take other measures to reduce pollution.

Question 7

National emissions for major air pollutants in the U.S.have _______since the 1980s.

Accepted Answer

National emissions for major air pollutants in the U.S. have decreased since the 1980s due to regulations and technological advancements aimed at reducing pollution.

Question 8

Figure 1 
-Refer to Figure 1.Federal mobile source air pollution control policies have focused almost exclusively on

Accepted Answer

The graph shows that the federal policies have focused on reducing emissions per mile, as there is a consistent decrease in emissions per mile from 1970 to 2017. The total quantity of emissions has also decreased over time, but this decrease is not as consistent as the decrease in emissions per mile. The number of vehicles and average miles traveled are not directly addressed in the graph or discussed in the question.

Question 9

When a with/without analysis reveals increased levels of ambient air quality, we cannot be assured that______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When a with/without analysis reveals increased levels...

Question 10

Economic models reveal that the command and control policies such as technology-based effluent standards used to control air pollution are

Accepted Answer

Command and control policies are often more costly because they do not allow for flexibility and market-based solutions that can achieve the same environmental goals at a lower cost.

Question 11

The CAFE standards in the U.S.were originally introduced in order to

Accepted Answer

The CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) standards were introduced in the U.S. in the 1970s primarily to reduce petroleum imports by improving the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks.

Question 12

In order to understand whether pollution control policies have been effective, a __________ analysis examining what emissions were compared to what they would be if policies had not been pursue must be performed.

Accepted Answer

A "with/without" analysis compares the current situation with the hypothetical scenario where the policies were not implemented, allowing for an assessment of the policies' effectiveness.

Question 13

A with/without analysis of the impact of the 1990 Clean Air Act reveals that several categories of air pollution have__________ as a result of the legislation.

Accepted Answer

The 1990 Clean Air Act has led to a decrease in several categories of air pollution, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and lead. This is supported by numerous studies, including reports from the Environmental Protection Agency.

Question 14

Annual expenditures for air pollution control in the U.S.have ______ since the 1970s.

Accepted Answer

The Clean Air Act and other regulations have led to increased funding for air pollution control since the 1970s. This includes funding for research, monitoring, enforcement, and technology development, as well as grants and loans to help state and local governments, businesses, and other entities comply with air quality regulations.

Question 15

New source bias is defined as

Accepted Answer

New source bias is the practice of holding new sources of pollution to stricter standards than existing sources. This is often done in an effort to improve overall air and water quality standards. By holding new sources (which may have more advanced technology and be better equipped to limit emissions) to higher standards, it is hoped that older sources will be encouraged to update their own technology and reduce their emissions as well.

Question 16

The Clean Air Act of 1970 introduces ____________ over air-pollution matters introducing uniform ambient standards, technology based effluent standards and stricter emissions standards for automobiles.

Accepted Answer

The Clean Air Act of 1970 established federal control over air-pollution matters, setting nationwide standards and regulations to ensure consistent air quality across the United States.

Question 17

The 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments differentiated between areas labeled ____________ and _______________ with different technology based emissions standards.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments differentiated...

Question 18

In setting national ambient air quality standards, the 1970 CAA set two levels of standards for criteria pollutants:

Accepted Answer

The 1970 Clean Air Act (CAA) established primary standards to protect human health and secondary standards to protect public welfare, including the environment and property.

Question 19

In the last 50 years, air pollution problems have become more serious due to

Accepted Answer

All of the above are true. The scale of airborne emissions has increased due to industrialization, urbanization, and transportation. The variety of airborne emissions has also increased due to the use of fossil fuels, chemicals, and other pollutants. Air pollution has diverse damages including respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, climate change, and ecosystem degradation. Therefore, all of these factors have contributed to the serious air pollution problems over the last 50 years.

Question 20

Because new car certification programs can only control emissions from new cars, the federal government required that states with severe air pollution problems initiate programs that inspect individual cars.These programs are called

Accepted Answer

Inspection and maintenance (I&M) programs are designed to ensure that vehicles on the road continue to meet emissions standards, thereby helping to control air pollution from older vehicles.

Quiz 15: Federal Air Pollution-Control Policy

The EPAs Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) was rejected by the federal courts because

Primary standards that are established in the 1970s CAA are concerned with

In the United States SO₂ program, emissions permits are tradable and managers of a particular plant can

Even though the purchase of a new, more efficient car could save a consumer money in the medium to long run, consumers have shown reluctance to make the investment and this is called the

New source bias is justified on the basis of

Thresholds are levels of pollutants

National emissions for major air pollutants in the U.S.have _______since the 1980s.

Figure 1 -Refer to Figure 1.Federal mobile source air pollution control policies have focused almost exclusively on

When a with/without analysis reveals increased levels of ambient air quality, we cannot be assured that______________.

Economic models reveal that the command and control policies such as technology-based effluent standards used to control air pollution are

The CAFE standards in the U.S.were originally introduced in order to

In order to understand whether pollution control policies have been effective, a __________ analysis examining what emissions were compared to what they would be if policies had not been pursue must be performed.

A with/without analysis of the impact of the 1990 Clean Air Act reveals that several categories of air pollution have__________ as a result of the legislation.

Annual expenditures for air pollution control in the U.S.have ______ since the 1970s.

New source bias is defined as

The Clean Air Act of 1970 introduces ____________ over air-pollution matters introducing uniform ambient standards, technology based effluent standards and stricter emissions standards for automobiles.

The 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments differentiated between areas labeled and ___ with different technology based emissions standards.

In setting national ambient air quality standards, the 1970 CAA set two levels of standards for criteria pollutants:

In the last 50 years, air pollution problems have become more serious due to

Because new car certification programs can only control emissions from new cars, the federal government required that states with severe air pollution problems initiate programs that inspect individual cars.These programs are called

Quiz 15: Federal Air Pollution-Control Policy

The EPAs Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) was rejected by the federal courts because

Primary standards that are established in the 1970s CAA are concerned with

In the United States SO2 program, emissions permits are tradable and managers of a particular plant can

Even though the purchase of a new, more efficient car could save a consumer money in the medium to long run, consumers have shown reluctance to make the investment and this is called the

New source bias is justified on the basis of

Thresholds are levels of pollutants

National emissions for major air pollutants in the U.S.have _______since the 1980s.

Figure 1 -Refer to Figure 1.Federal mobile source air pollution control policies have focused almost exclusively on

When a with/without analysis reveals increased levels of ambient air quality, we cannot be assured that______________.

Economic models reveal that the command and control policies such as technology-based effluent standards used to control air pollution are

The CAFE standards in the U.S.were originally introduced in order to

In order to understand whether pollution control policies have been effective, a __________ analysis examining what emissions were compared to what they would be if policies had not been pursue must be performed.

A with/without analysis of the impact of the 1990 Clean Air Act reveals that several categories of air pollution have__________ as a result of the legislation.

Annual expenditures for air pollution control in the U.S.have ______ since the 1970s.

New source bias is defined as

The Clean Air Act of 1970 introduces ____________ over air-pollution matters introducing uniform ambient standards, technology based effluent standards and stricter emissions standards for automobiles.

The 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments differentiated between areas labeled ____________ and _______________ with different technology based emissions standards.

In setting national ambient air quality standards, the 1970 CAA set two levels of standards for criteria pollutants:

In the last 50 years, air pollution problems have become more serious due to

Because new car certification programs can only control emissions from new cars, the federal government required that states with severe air pollution problems initiate programs that inspect individual cars.These programs are called

In the United States SO₂ program, emissions permits are tradable and managers of a particular plant can

The 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments differentiated between areas labeled and ___ with different technology based emissions standards.