Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If these factors vary systematically with the independent variable, they are called:

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Confounds are variables other than the independent variable that may affect the dependent variable. If these variables vary systematically with the independent variable, they can confound or confuse the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, making it difficult to determine the true effect of the independent variable.

Factors Other Than the Independent Variable May Also Act on the Dependent