In health psychological research is often impractical and unethical to manipulate certain variables of interest (e.g., whether a person has diabetes, whether they smoke).Consequently, researchers have to rely on naturally occurring groups.Such designs are referred to as ______.

Question

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Quasi-experimental designs are used when researchers cannot randomly assign participants to groups or manipulate the independent variable, often due to ethical or practical constraints.

In Health Psychological Research Is Often Impractical and Unethical to Manipulate