Before Popes Supported the Crusades Against Muslims in the East

Before popes supported the Crusades against Muslims in the east, what had they actively encouraged?

A) They encouraged immigration into the Holy Land.
B) They encouraged guerilla warfare against Muslims in Egypt and the Middle East.
C) They encouraged individual attack on Muslims in major European cities.
D) They encouraged the reconquest of Spain from Muslims.
E) They encouraged missionary efforts in the Middle East and Africa.