To Successfully Bring an Action Against a Defendant in the Tort

To successfully bring an action against a defendant in the tort of defamation the plaintiff must prove that the allegedly defamatory statement was published to a third party.To be 'published' the statement must have been:

A) Printed and released to the public in a book, newspaper or magazine.
B) Communicated to the plaintiff, whether in written or oral form.
C) Provided in writing to a third party.
D) Made in spoken or written form to or in the presence of another person.