Dr Kushner Is Planning on Conducting a Study Next Semester

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.
Which of the following is true regarding obtaining informed consent in Dr. Kushner's study?

A) He does not need to obtain informed consent since participants will not be awake during most of the study.
B) He does not need to obtain informed consent because he is not using deception.
C) He needs to obtain informed consent because the study is anonymous.
D) He needs to obtain informed consent because there is a likelihood of risk in his study.