The Patient Reports Taking an Opioid Medication in Large Dosages

The patient reports taking an opioid medication in large dosages for the past several years.While in the hospital,the patient is not prescribed the medication and develops tachycardia,hypertension,sweating,and tremors.He becomes confused and experiences visual hallucinations.The nurse recognizes these signs as indicative of _____________.

A) pharmacotherapeutic effects
B) physical dependence
C) tolerance
D) addiction