The Collective Action Perspective of Strategy Formulation Applies to Strategic

The collective action perspective of strategy formulation applies to strategic decisions that cut across functional areas, involve issues related to the organization's long-term goals, or involve the allocation of resources across business units. According to the collective action perspective, strategic decision processes:

A) are typically centered in a single functional area (e.g., in marketing or in R&D) .
B) are often characterized by conflict that often divides participants in the strategy formulation process.
C) involve negotiation and compromise among partisan participants.
D) all of the answer choices
E) both are often characterized by conflict that often divides participants in the strategy formulation process and involve negotiation and compromise among partisan participants.