A central process shaping the social geography of the modern world was:

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Colonialism, particularly European colonialism, played a significant role in shaping the social geography of the modern world by creating artificial borders and divisions, disrupting traditional cultures and social structures, and creating new cultural and economic dependencies. It also helped establish the global power dynamics that still exist today. While agriculture, pastoralism, and natural selection have all played roles in shaping human societies and their spatial distribution, they do not have the same level of global influence as colonialism. Secularism is a social and cultural trend, but it is not a central process shaping social geography.

A Central Process Shaping the Social Geography of the Modern