Edge Effects Are the Result of Which of the Following

Edge effects are the result of which of the following?

A) Populations of flora and fauna have emigrated from the core of their population center to the edge of their habitat.
B) Metapopulations of some of the larger fauna have become more dominant on the landscape and as a result have increased the edge of their habitat.
C) Habitat fragmentation or habitat shrinkage has occurred, and thus the edge of the habitat has increased in relative proportion.
D) Habitat fragmentation or habitat shrinkage has occurred, and thus the edge of the habitat has decreased in relative proportion.