According to the article, turnover results from negative attitudes toward the organization and will occur only if an employee has the ability to leave. If employees have limited options and do not have the ability to leave the organization, they may adopt other "withdrawal" behaviors such as:

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When employees cannot leave due to limited options, they may engage in various withdrawal behaviors such as complaining, absenteeism, poor performance, and unacceptable customer-service behavior as alternative ways to express their dissatisfaction.

According to the Article, Turnover Results from Negative Attitudes Toward