Are Electric Fields Made of Material Particles Such as Atoms

Are electric fields made of material particles such as atoms, and how do we know?

A) Yes, because electric fields have energy and all forms of energy are associated with material particles.
B) Yes, because everything is made of atoms.
C) No, because electromagnetic waves are able to cross regions of empty space containing no material particles.
D) No, because electric fields are observed to exist even within protons, and protons are not material particles.
E) Yes, because the forces exerted by electric fields are always exerted on material particles such as atoms.