Raja Owns a Corner Store

Raja owns a corner store. Because he had suffered a great deal of theft in recent months, he was eager to catch a thief. He therefore kept an eye on Francine, a young homeless person, after she entered his store and began wandering around in a suspicious manner. Raja immediately summoned a police officer, JD Copper, who was walking nearby. Raja said that he had seen Francine put a pack of gum in her pocket, and he insisted that Francine must be arrested. Because JD (i) knew that Raja had been the victim of numerous thefts, (ii) reasonably believed that Raja was telling the truth, and (iii) reasonably agreed that Francine was acting in a suspicious manner, JD walked up to Francine and put hand- cuffs on her. Despite her pleas of innocence, Francine was detained at the front of the store, in front of other customers, for fifteen minutes while JD ran a police check on her. JD eventually released Francine after he realized that she had no police record and no stolen merchandise in her pockets. Which of the following statements is most likely to be TRUE?

A) JD may be held liable to Francine for false arrest.
B) Raja may be liable to JD for malicious prosecution.
C) Raja may be held liable to Francine for false imprisonment even though he personally never touched or talked to her.
D) JD may be held liable to Francine for battery.
E) Raja may be held liable to Francine for malicious prosecution.