Consider the Ras Signal-Transduction Pathway

Consider the Ras signal-transduction pathway. Suppose that a mutation occurred within the gene that encodes the transmembrane receptor protein. Which of the following types of mutations in this receptor could lead to cancer?

A) a mutation that allows the receptor to become phosphorylated in the absence of a growth factor bound to it
B) a mutation in the extracellular domain that prevents the binding of a growth factor
C) a mutation in the transmembrane domain that prevents the signal from being transduced to the interior of the cell
D) a mutation within the intracellular domain that prevents interaction with the adaptor molecules
E) All of these are types of receptors mutations that could lead to cancer.