By the 1790s an educated black elite existed in the Chesapeake and the Northern Colonies.

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By the 1790s, there were several educated black individuals in the Chesapeake and Northern Colonies. Some of them were involved in abolitionist movements, while others worked as artisans, writers, and educators. Examples include Paul Cuffe, Richard Allen, Absalom Jones, James Forten, and others. These individuals were exceptions, however, and most African Americans in the early republic were still enslaved or struggling to make ends meet as free people.

By the 1790s an Educated Black Elite Existed in the Chesapeake