The Manager at a Construction Site Observes That He Is

The manager at a construction site observes that he is spending a great deal of time interviewing prospective employees. This is due to the large amount of absenteeism and turnover among his skilled workers. On questioning exiting employees he discovers that many of them quit because they feel the workplace is too dangerous. In particular, several foremen have stated that the need to get the job done quickly is more important than a few rules, and have gone as far as to mock the courage of workers who question this attitude.
-Which of the following is an independent variable which is likely to be the root cause of the workplace deviant behavior the manager has observed?

A) Absenteeism is found to rise on those days when particularly hazardous work is being performed.
B) Penalties for ignoring safety standards are not heavy, amounting to the equivalent of only several hours' pay.
C) Foremen are paid significant bonuses if the workers they supervise complete their tasks quickly.
D) Several of the foremen are close personal friends who have very similar attitudes to work and safety.
E) The structure of the organization does not involve all workers in the decision making process.