Vertebrate and invertebrate immune systems are similar in that their first line of defense is a nonspecific external barrier; however, they differ in that invertebrates do not produce white blood cells.

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Invertebrates do produce cells that function similarly to white blood cells in vertebrates, playing roles in their immune response, though these cells might not be identical to vertebrate white blood cells.

Vertebrate and Invertebrate Immune Systems Are Similar in That Their