In a number of studies on ingroup bias conducted between 1961 and 1970, Vaughan found that urban Maori changed from showing outgroup preference to ingroup preference. This can be attributed to:

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This shift from outgroup preference to ingroup preference among urban Maori is most likely attributed to social change. During this period, there were significant movements and changes in societal attitudes, norms, and dynamics that could have influenced the Maori's perceptions and preferences towards their ingroup, reflecting a broader trend of embracing and valuing indigenous identity and community.

In a Number of Studies on Ingroup Bias Conducted Between