Ferdinand Töennies (1855-1936) theorized that cities and states formed through __________, with differing, sometimes contradictory, norms, values, and beliefs, and an instinctive mistrust. They worked together because everyone was acting to his or her own self-advantage.

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Ferdinand Töennies theorized that cities and states formed through "Gesellschaft," a term he used to describe social relationships based on impersonal ties, self-interest, and roles, as opposed to "Gemeinschaft," which refers to community and personal social interactions.

Ferdinand Töennies (1855-1936) Theorized That Cities and States Formed Through