Electrical gradients exist because sodium and potassium ions are separated on either side of the plasma membrane.

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Electrical gradients exist due to the separation of ions, particularly sodium and potassium ions, on either side of the plasma membrane. This separation creates a difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell, resulting in a potential difference known as the membrane potential.

Electrical Gradients Exist Because Sodium and Potassium Ions Are Separated