What ions are pumped against their concentration gradient from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space during the electron transport chain (ETC)?

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

During the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions (protons) are pumped against their concentration gradient from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, which creates a gradient of protons that is used to produce ATP through ATP synthase.

What Ions Are Pumped Against Their Concentration Gradient from the Mitochondrial